Gene-Mesh Terms Analysis

Create gene-article matrix

### GET LIST OF GENES
list_gene_files = list.files('./../SFARI_scraping/genes/')


# GET LIST OF PUBMED IDS
get_pubmed_IDs = function(){
  all_pubmed_ids = c()
  for(gene_file in list_gene_files){
    file = read.delim(paste0('./../SFARI_scraping/genes/', gene_file))
    pubmed_ids = unique(file$pubmed.ID)
    all_pubmed_ids = unique(c(all_pubmed_ids, pubmed_ids)) 
  }
  all_pubmed_ids = as.character(all_pubmed_ids)
  return(all_pubmed_ids)
}

all_pubmed_ids = get_pubmed_IDs()


# CREATE GENE-ARTICLE (SPARSE) MATRIX
SFARI_genes_info = read.csv('./../../Data/SFARI_genes_01-15-2019.csv') %>% mutate('ID'=gene.symbol)

create_gene_pmID_mat = function(){
  
  # Create empty dataframe
  gene_pmID_mat = data.frame(matrix(0, nrow=length(list_gene_files), ncol=length(all_pubmed_ids)))
  rownames(gene_pmID_mat) = sapply(list_gene_files, function(x) gsub('.csv', '', x))
  colnames(gene_pmID_mat) = all_pubmed_ids
  
  # Fillout dataframe
  for(gene_file in list_gene_files){
    file = read.delim(paste0('./../SFARI_scraping/genes/', gene_file))
    pubmed_ids = as.character(unique(file$pubmed.ID))
    gene_pmID_mat[gsub('.csv', '', gene_file), pubmed_ids] = 1 
  }
  
  sparse_gene_pmID_mat = Matrix(as.matrix(gene_pmID_mat), sparse=TRUE)
  return(sparse_gene_pmID_mat)
}

gene_pmID_mat = create_gene_pmID_mat()

print(paste0('Genes: ', nrow(gene_pmID_mat), '     Articles: ', ncol(gene_pmID_mat)))

## [1] "Genes: 1053     Articles: 3709"

rm(list_gene_files)

Create article-MeSH term matrix

# LOAD AND PREPROCESS MESH TERMS
preprocess_MeSH_terms = function(mesh_terms_by_article){
  qualifiers = c('abnormalities', 'administration & dosage', 'adverse effects', 'analogs & derivatives', 'analysis', 
                 'anatomy & histology', 'antagonists & inhibitors', 'biosynthesis', 'blood supply', 'cerebrospinal fluid',
                 'chemical synthesis', 'chemically induced', 'classification', 'complications', 'congenital',
                 'cytology', 'deficiency', 'diagnosis', 'diagnostic imaging', 'diet therapy', 'drug effects', 'drug therapy',
                 'economics', 'education', 'embryology', 'enzymology', 'epidemiology', 'ethics', 'ethnology', 'etiology',
                 'growth & development', 'history', 'immunology', 'injuries', 'innervation', 'instrumentation',
                 'isolation & purification', 'legislation & jurisprudence', 'manpower', 'metabolism', 'methods', 'microbiology',
                 'mortality', 'nursing', 'organization & administration', 'parasitology', 'pathology', 'pharmacokinetics',
                 'pharmacology', 'physiology', 'physiopathology', 'poisoning', 'prevention & control', 'psychology',
                 'radiation effects', 'radiotherapy', 'rehabilitation', 'secondary', 'secretion', 'standards',
                 'statistics & numerical data', 'supply & distribution', 'surgery', 'therapeutic use', 'therapy', 'toxicity',
                 'transmission', 'trends', 'ultrastructure', 'urine', 'utilization', 'veterinary', 'virology')
  qualifiers_all = c(qualifiers, 'agonists', 'blood', 'chemistry', 'genetics')
  qualifiers_regex = paste(qualifiers, collapse='|')
  
  keep_terms = c('abnormalit', 'acid', 'aging', 'allele', 'amin', 'analgesic', 'analysis', 'ancestry', 'astrocyte',
               'axon', 'behaviour', 'binding', 'biomark', 'blot', 'brain', 'case-control', 'cell', 'cereb', 
               'channel', 'chemistry', 'chromatin', 'chromosome', 'circadian', 'clon', 'cluster', 'codon', 
               'cognit', 'cohort', 'consanguinity', 'cortex', 'cpg', 'culture', 'dendrit', 'develop',
               'disease', 'disorder', 'dna', 'dopamin', 'drug', 'electro', 'enzym', 'epilepsy', 'etiology',
               'exome', 'exon', 'fibroblast', 'fluorescence', 'gabapentin', 'gen', 'haplo', 'heart', 'hippocamp', 
               'histon', 'hypothalamus', 'imaging', 'immun', 'in situ', 'in vitro', 'intron', 'kinase', 'knockout', 
               'link', 'megalencephaly', 'membran', 'mental', 'messenger', 'metabo', 'methyl', 'microcephaly',
               'microscop', 'microtubules', 'missense', 'model', 'molecul', 'muta', 'neuro', 'nonsense', 'nucleotide',
               'oxytocin', 'pair', 'pathway', 'peptid', 'pervasive', 'phenotype', 'phospor', 'polymerase', 
               'polymorphism', 'promoter', 'protein', 'psychiatric', 'receptor', 'recessive', 'region', 'regulat',
               'risk', 'rna', 'seizure', 'sequence', 'serotonin', 'sibling', 'signal', 'spectrometry',
               'splicing', 'statistics', 'striatum', 'synap', 'technique', 'trait loci', 'transcript',
               'transfection', 'transloc', 'tumor', 'vasopressin', 'zygote')
  keep_terms_regex = paste(keep_terms, collapse='|')
  
  for(article in names(mesh_terms_by_article)){
   
    mesh_terms = mesh_terms_by_article[[article]]
    new_mesh_terms = c()
    
    if(!is.na(mesh_terms[1])){
      
      for(mesh_term in mesh_terms){
  
        # Find and delete qualifiers
        match_general = grepl(qualifiers_regex, mesh_term)
        match_agonists = grepl('agonists', mesh_term) & !grepl('ntagonists', mesh_term)
        match_blood = grepl('blood', mesh_term) & !grepl('blood supply', mesh_term)
        match_chemistry = grepl('chemistry', mesh_term) & !grepl('immunohistochemistry', mesh_term)
        match_genetics = grepl('genetics', mesh_term) & !grepl('Xgenetics', mesh_term)
        
        if(match_agonists) mesh_term = gsub('agonists', '', mesh_term)
        if(match_blood) mesh_term = gsub('blood', '', mesh_term)
        if(match_chemistry) mesh_term = gsub('chemistry', '', mesh_term)
        if(match_genetics) mesh_term = gsub('genetics', '', mesh_term)
        if(match_general) mesh_term = gsub(qualifiers_regex, '', mesh_term)
        
        # Separate MeSH terms by commas and update list
        mesh_term = mesh_term %>% strsplit(', ') %>% unlist
        new_mesh_terms = c(new_mesh_terms, mesh_term[grepl(keep_terms_regex, tolower(mesh_term))])
      }
    
      # Update article entries
      mesh_terms_by_article[[article]] = unique(new_mesh_terms)
    }
  }  
  return(mesh_terms_by_article)
}

create_article_MeSH_term_mat = function(mesh_terms_by_article_list){
  
  # GET LIST OF ARTICLES
  all_articles = names(mesh_terms_by_article_list)
  
  # GET LIST OF MESH TERMS
  all_mesh_terms = c()
  for(mts in mesh_terms_by_article_list) all_mesh_terms = unique(c(all_mesh_terms, mts))
  
  # CREATE ARTICLE-MESH TERM MATRIX
  article_mesh_term_mat = data.frame(matrix(0, nrow=length(all_articles), ncol=sum(!is.na(all_mesh_terms))))
  rownames(article_mesh_term_mat) = all_articles
  colnames(article_mesh_term_mat) = all_mesh_terms[!is.na(all_mesh_terms)]
  
  for(article in all_articles){
    article_mesh_terms = mesh_terms_by_article_list[[article]]
    if(sum(is.na(article_mesh_terms))==0){
      article_mesh_term_mat[article, article_mesh_terms] = 1
    }
  } 
  
  article_mesh_term_mat = Matrix(as.matrix(article_mesh_term_mat), sparse=TRUE)
  
  return(article_mesh_term_mat)
}

mesh_terms_by_article_list = read_json('./../Data/MeSH_terms_by_paper.json', simplifyVector=TRUE)
mesh_terms_by_article_list = preprocess_MeSH_terms(mesh_terms_by_article_list)
article_mesh_term_mat = create_article_MeSH_term_mat(mesh_terms_by_article_list)

print(paste0('Articles: ', nrow(article_mesh_term_mat), '     MeSH Terms: ', ncol(article_mesh_term_mat)))

## [1] "Articles: 3709     MeSH Terms: 1808"

Create gene-MeSH term matrix

# Check that ordering is the same in both matrices
if(!all(colnames(gene_pmID_mat) == rownames(article_mesh_term_mat))){
  print("Article ordering doesn't match")
}

gene_mesh_mat = gene_pmID_mat %*% article_mesh_term_mat

print(paste0('Genes: ', nrow(gene_mesh_mat), '     MeSH Terms: ', ncol(gene_mesh_mat)))

## [1] "Genes: 1053     MeSH Terms: 1808"

Remove genes without any associated MeSH term

to_keep = rowSums(gene_mesh_mat)>0
print(paste0('Removing ', sum(!to_keep), ' genes'))

## [1] "Removing 14 genes"

SFARI score distribution of removed genes:

SFARI_genes_info$gene.score[!SFARI_genes_info$ID %in% rownames(gene_mesh_mat)[to_keep]] %>% table(useNA='ifany')

## .
## 3 4 5 
## 3 6 5

# Remove genes
gene_mesh_mat = gene_mesh_mat[to_keep,]
rm(to_keep)

Create Network

On average, each node is connected to half of the nodes -> strongly connected Network

# EDGES
gene_gene_mat = gene_mesh_mat %*% t(gene_mesh_mat)
gene_names = rownames(gene_mesh_mat)

edges = summary(gene_gene_mat) %>% rename('from'=i, 'to'=j, 'count'=x) %>% 
        mutate(from = gene_names[from], to = gene_names[to]) %>%
        filter(from!=to)

# Convert count to fraction (multiplying by 100 to make the numbers bigger)
gene_mesh_mat_rowsums = rowSums(gene_mesh_mat)
names(gene_mesh_mat_rowsums) = rownames(gene_gene_mat)
edges = edges %>% mutate('weight'=count/(gene_mesh_mat_rowsums[from]+gene_mesh_mat_rowsums[to]))

# NODES
nodes = SFARI_genes_info %>% dplyr::select(gene.symbol, gene.score, syndromic, number.of.reports) %>% 
        mutate(id = gene.symbol, title=gene.symbol, value=number.of.reports,
               shape=ifelse(syndromic==0, 'circle','square'),
               color_score=case_when(gene.score==1~'#FF7631', gene.score==2~'#FFB100',
                                     gene.score==3~'#E8E328', gene.score==4~'#8CC83F',
                                     gene.score==5~'#62CCA6', gene.score==6~'#59B9C9',
                                     is.na(gene.score) ~ '#b3b3b3')) %>%
        mutate('color'=color_score) %>% filter(!duplicated(id)) %>% 
        filter(gene.symbol %in% unique(c(edges$from, edges$to)))

# Details:
print(paste0('Nodes: ', nrow(nodes),'        Edges: ', nrow(edges)/2))

## [1] "Nodes: 1039        Edges: 520182"

Calculate eigencentrality by Gene Score

The higher the SFARI score, the higher the eigencentrality of the genes in the Network. Same with syndromic tag

graph = graph_from_data_frame(edges, vertices=nodes, directed=FALSE)
graph = graph %>% simplify(edge.attr.comb='first')

eigen_centrality_output = eigen_centrality(graph)
eigencentr = as.numeric(eigen_centrality_output$vector)
graph = graph %>% set_vertex_attr('eigencentrality', value=eigencentr)

plot_data = data.frame('gene.score'= as.factor(vertex_attr(graph, 'gene.score')),
                       'Syndromic'= as.logical(vertex_attr(graph, 'syndromic')),
                       'Eigencentrality'= vertex_attr(graph, 'eigencentrality'))

correlation_scr = cor(nodes$gene.score[!is.na(nodes$gene.score)], eigencentr[!is.na(nodes$gene.score)])
correlation_syn = cor(as.numeric(plot_data$Syndromic), plot_data$Eigencentrality)

p1 = ggplotly(plot_data %>% ggplot(aes(gene.score, Eigencentrality, fill=gene.score)) + geom_boxplot() + 
         scale_fill_manual(values=SFARI_colour_hue()) + theme_minimal() + theme(legend.position='none'))

p2 = ggplotly(plot_data %>% ggplot(aes(Syndromic, Eigencentrality, fill=Syndromic)) + geom_boxplot() + 
     theme_minimal() + theme(legend.position='none') + 
     ggtitle(paste0('Correlation = ', round(correlation_scr, 2), ' (left) and ', round(correlation_syn,2), ' (right)')))

subplot(p1, p2, nrows=1, widths=c(0.7, 0.3))

rm(correlation_scr, correlation_syn, p1, p2)

When separating the SFARI scores by syndromic tag, the relation between eigencentrality and score persists

corr_non_syn = cor(nodes$gene.score[!is.na(nodes$gene.score) & nodes$syndromic==0], 
                   eigencentr[!is.na(nodes$gene.score) & nodes$syndromic==0])
corr_syn = cor(nodes$gene.score[!is.na(nodes$gene.score) & nodes$syndromic==1], 
               eigencentr[!is.na(nodes$gene.score) & nodes$syndromic==1])
ggplotly(plot_data %>% ggplot(aes(gene.score, Eigencentrality, fill=gene.score)) + geom_boxplot() + 
         scale_fill_manual(values=SFARI_colour_hue()) + theme_minimal() + theme(legend.position='none') +
         facet_wrap( ~ Syndromic, ncol=2) + ggtitle(paste0('Correlation = ', round(corr_non_syn, 4),
                                                           ' (left) and ', round(corr_syn, 4), ' (right)')))

rm(plot_data, corr_non_syn, corr_syn, nodes, edges)

plot_data = data.frame('id'=graph %>% get.vertex.attribute('name'), 'eigencentrality'=eigencentr) %>%
            top_n(25, wt=eigencentrality)
ggplotly(plot_data %>% ggplot(aes(reorder(id, eigencentrality), eigencentrality, fill=eigencentrality)) + 
         geom_bar(stat='identity') + scale_fill_viridis_c() + coord_flip() + 
         ggtitle(paste0('Top 25 genes with the highest Network centrality')) + 
         xlab('') + ylab('Eigencentrality') + theme_minimal() + theme(legend.position='none'))

rm(plot_data)

Note: Network is too densely connected to plot (too heavy and not very informative)

Community detection:

comms_louvain = cluster_louvain(graph)
modules = comms_louvain %>% membership

color_pal = viridis_pal()(max(modules)) %>% substr(1,7)
graph = graph %>% set_vertex_attr('module', value=as.numeric(modules)) %>% 
                  set_vertex_attr('color_modules', value=color_pal[as.numeric(modules)]) %>%
                  set_vertex_attr('color', value=color_pal[as.numeric(modules)])

comm_sizes = sizes(comms_louvain) %>% data.frame %>% rename(Module=Community.sizes, size=Freq)
ggplotly(comm_sizes %>% ggplot(aes(Module, size, fill=size)) + geom_bar(stat='identity') + 
         ggtitle('Number of genes in each module') + theme_minimal() + theme(legend.position = 'none'))

hm_data = table(vertex_attr(graph, 'gene.score'), vertex_attr(graph, 'module'), useNA='ifany') %>% 
          as.data.frame.matrix %>% as.matrix
heatmap.2(hm_data, cellnote=hm_data, notecol='white', Rowv=F, Colv=F, scale='row', trace='none', 
          key=FALSE, xlab='Module', ylab='SFARI score', col=colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(8, 'RdPu'))(25))

hm_data = table(vertex_attr(graph, 'syndromic'), vertex_attr(graph, 'module'), useNA='ifany') %>% 
          as.data.frame.matrix %>% as.matrix
heatmap.2(hm_data, cellnote=hm_data, notecol='white', Rowv=F, Colv=F, scale='row', trace='none', 
          key=FALSE, xlab='Module', ylab='Syndromic', col=colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(8, 'RdPu'))(25))

Separating by syndromic tag the SFARI scores

hm_data = data.frame('syndromic_gene.score'=paste(vertex_attr(graph, 'syndromic'), '_',vertex_attr(graph, 'gene.score')),
                     'module'=vertex_attr(graph, 'module'))
hm_data = table(hm_data$syndromic_gene.score, hm_data$module) %>% as.data.frame.matrix %>% as.matrix
heatmap.2(hm_data, cellnote=hm_data, notecol='white', scale='row', trace='none', 
          key=FALSE, xlab='Module', ylab='Syndromic', col=colorRampPalette(brewer.pal(8, 'RdPu'))(25))

rm(color_pal)

Module characterisation

Most important genes for each module

module_info = tibble('module'=character(), 'top_term'=character(), size=integer())

for(i in names(sizes(comms_louvain))){
  
  module_vertices = names(modules)[modules==i]
  
  # Creat subgraph
  module_graph = induced_subgraph(graph, module_vertices)
  
  # Calculate eigencentrality
  eigen_centrality_output = eigen_centrality(module_graph)
  eigencentr = as.numeric(eigen_centrality_output$vector)
  names(eigencentr) = module_vertices
  
  module_info = module_info %>% add_row('module'=i, 'top_term'=names(eigencentr)[eigencentr==max(eigencentr)][1], 
                                        'size'=length(module_vertices))
    
  # Plot eigencentrality of top 10 genes
  plot_data = data.frame('gene'=names(eigencentr), 'eigencentrality'=eigencentr) %>%
              top_n(10, wt=eigencentrality)
  print(plot_data %>% ggplot(aes(reorder(gene, eigencentrality), eigencentrality, fill=eigencentrality)) + 
       geom_bar(stat='identity') + scale_fill_viridis_c() + coord_flip() + 
       ggtitle(paste0('Top genes for Module ', i)) + 
       xlab('Genes') + ylab('Eigencentrality') + theme_minimal() + theme(legend.position='none'))

}

rm(i, module_vertices, module_graph, eigen_centrality_output, eigencentr, plot_data)

Most important MeSH terms for each module

for(i in names(sizes(comms_louvain))){
  
  module_genes = names(modules)[modules==i]
  
  # Filter genes belonging to module and column with non-zero values
  module_gene_mesh_mat = gene_mesh_mat[rownames(gene_mesh_mat) %in% module_genes,]
  module_gene_mesh_mat = module_gene_mesh_mat[,colSums(module_gene_mesh_mat)>0]
  
  # Do PCA and extract 1st PC
  pca_module = prcomp(module_gene_mesh_mat, scale.=TRUE)
  module_eigengene = pca_module$rotation[,'PC1']
  names(module_eigengene) = colnames(module_gene_mesh_mat)
  
  # Plot module's most relevant MeSH terms
  plot_data = data.frame('mesh_term'=names(module_eigengene), 'eigencentrality'=module_eigengene) %>%
              top_n(25, wt=abs(eigencentrality))
  print(plot_data %>% ggplot(aes(reorder(mesh_term, abs(eigencentrality)), eigencentrality, fill=eigencentrality)) + 
       geom_bar(position='identity', stat='identity') + scale_fill_viridis_c() + coord_flip() + 
       ggtitle(paste0('Top MeSH terms for Module ', i)) + 
       xlab('MeSH Terms') + ylab('Eigencentrality') + theme_minimal() + theme(legend.position='none'))
  
}

rm(i, module_genes, module_gene_mesh_mat, pca_module, module_eigengene, plot_data)